Since the 1990s, the rate at which Greenland and Antarctica are losing ice has increased fourfold, making these ice sheets the leading contributors to global sea-level rise from frozen water sources. This acceleration has sparked growing concern over their long-term stability and intensified interest in identifying global temperature thresholds that could lead to faster ice loss or even collapse. As a result, there is renewed urgency to achieve the ultimate goal of the Paris Climate Agreement—limiting global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.

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