Global Temperatures

The year 2024 was the warmest year since global records began in 1850 at 1.29°C (2.32°F) above the 20th century average of 13.9°C (57.0°F). This value is 0.10°C (0.18°F) more than the previous record set last year. The ten warmest years in the 175-year record have all occurred during the last decade (2015–2024). Of note, the year 2005, which was the first year to set a new global temperature record in the 21st century, is now the 13th-warmest year on record. The year 2010, which had surpassed 2005 at the time, now ranks as the 12th-warmest year on record.

The previous year’s record warmth was due in part to the presence of the warm phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which began in June 2023 and continued until May of this year. A transition to ENSO-neutral conditions took place at that time and persisted through November before the cold phase of ENSO (La Niña) emerged in December, according to NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center. As seen in the image below, global temperatures tend to be cooler during periods of ENSO-neutral conditions and even cooler during La Niña. Although ENSO-neutral conditions were present beginning in May 2024, monthly global temperature records continued to be set or tied through August 2024.

Global monthly temperature anomalies, with ENSO status

In total there were 14 straight months of record-breaking global temperatures from June 2023 through July 2024. The July global temperature value was likely the warmest of all months on record. Monthly temperatures beginning in September and for the remainder of the year were slightly below the 2023 records. The peristence of record and near-record monthly temperatures throughout the year brought the 2024 annual temperature to its new record, continuing a warming trend that has resulted in an average rate of increase of 0.06°C (0.11°F) per decade since 1850 and more than three times that rate (0.20°C / 0.36°F) since 1975.

Global ocean temperatures in 2024 were also noteworthy, reaching 15-straight months of record-breaking temperatures, from April 2023 through June 2024. Each month from January through April each exceeded the previous monthly records by at least 0.15°C (0.27°F).

In the Arctic, 2024 was the second-warmest year on record, 2.71°C (4.88°F) above average, and 0.24°C (0.43°F) less than the record set in 2016. Arctic sea ice extent reached reached its minimum for the year in September; the seventh lowest minimum on record. Since 2007, the Arctic sea ice minimum has dropped below 5 million square kilometers (1.93 million square miles) every year, except in 2009, 2013, and 2014, when the extent barely crossed the 5 million square kilometer mark. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, this persistent new normal, and the related losses of most of the old and thick ice, are prominent characteristics of the new, warmer Arctic.

The 2024 Northern Hemisphere surface temperature also was warmest on record, 1.67°C (3.01°F) above average. The Northern Hemisphere winter, spring, and summer seasons were each warmest on record; 1.84°C (3.31°F), 1.61°C (2.90°F), and 1.52°C (2.74°F) above average, respectively. Meanwhile, the Southern Hemisphere summer (December–February), autumn (March–May), and winter (June–August) were each warmest on record and the year as a whole was record warmest, with a temperature that was 0.90°C (1.62°F) above the 20th century average.

January–December	Anomaly		Rank (out of 175 years)		Records
	°C	°F			Year(s)	°C	°F
Global
Land	+1.98	+3.56	Warmest	1st	2024	+1.98	+3.56
			Coolest	175th	1862	-0.81	-1.46
Ocean	+0.97	+1.75	Warmest	1st	2024	+0.97	+1.75
			Coolest	175th	1904, 1909	-0.43	-0.77
Land and Ocean	+1.29	+2.32	Warmest	1st	2024	+1.29	+2.32
			Coolest	175th	1904, 1917	-0.43	-0.77
Northern Hemisphere
Land	+2.28	+4.10	Warmest	1st	2024	+2.28	+4.10
			Coolest	175th	1862	-0.92	-1.66
Ocean	+1.20	+2.16	Warmest	1st	2024	+1.20	+2.16
			Coolest	175th	1904	-0.51	-0.92
Land and Ocean	+1.67	+3.01	Warmest	1st	2024	+1.67	+3.01
			Coolest	175th	1917	-0.56	-1.01
Southern Hemisphere
Land	+1.31	+2.36	Warmest	1st	2024	+1.31	+2.36
			Coolest	175th	1863	-0.71	-1.28
Ocean	+0.81	+1.46	Warmest	1st	2024	+0.81	+1.46
			Coolest	175th	1909	-0.41	-0.74
Land and Ocean	+0.90	+1.62	Warmest	1st	2024	+0.90	+1.62
			Coolest	175th	1904	-0.38	-0.68
Antarctic
Land and Ocean	+0.31	+0.56	Warmest	17th	1980	+0.62	+1.12
			Coolest	159th	1960	-0.59	-1.06
Arctic
Land and Ocean	+2.71	+4.88	Warmest	2nd	2016	+2.95	+5.31
			Coolest	174th	1902	-1.37	-2.47

The 1901–2000 average combined land and ocean annual temperature is 13.9°C (57.0°F), the annually averaged land temperature for the same period is 8.5°C (47.3°F), and the long-term annually averaged sea surface temperature is 16.1°C (60.9°F).

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Ten Warmest Years (1850–2024)

The following table lists the global combined land and ocean annually averaged temperature rank and anomaly for each of the ten warmest years on record.

Rank 1 = Warmest Period of Record: 1850–2024	Year	Anomaly °C	Anomaly °F
1	2024	1.29	2.32
2	2023	1.19	2.14
3	2016	1.03	1.85
4	2020	1.02	1.84
5	2019	0.98	1.76
6	2017	0.94	1.69
7	2015	0.91	1.64
8	2022	0.90	1.62
9 (tied)	2018	0.87	1.57
9 (tied)	2021	0.87	1.57

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Regional Temperatures

The year was characterized by record and near-record warm temperatures across much of the globe. Record-high annual temperatures covered much of the northern half of South America stretching through Central America and Mexico into the south-central U.S., large parts of central and northern Africa, central and eastern Europe, southern Asia, and large areas of the western Arctic, southeastern Canada and the northeastern U.S. In Antarctica warmer to much-warmer-than-average temperatures covered much of the western half of the continent. There were few land areas with near-average to below-average temperatures; these included parts of eastern Antarctica, the southern tip of South America, the southern half of Greenland, and small parts of the Russian Far East.

Sea surface temperatures for 2024 were record warm across much of the central and northern Atlantic Ocean, most of the northern half of the Indian Ocean, and parts of the western Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. Sea surface temperatures were near to below average in parts of the western North Atlantic, the southwestern Atlantic, the southeastern Pacific, the southwestern Indian Ocean, parts of the Southern Ocean including the Drake Passage, as well as the Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, and the Sea of Okhotsk.

January-December 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in degrees Celsius

January-December 2024 Blended Land and Sea Surface Temperature Percentiles

North America

North America’s annual temperature was 2.22°C (4.00°F) above the 1910-2000 average, its warmest year on record. Temperatures were unusually warm throughout the year. Two seasons were record warm; winter (December–February) and autumn (September–November), while spring and summer were both the third-warmest such seasons on record. The months of February, September, and October (tie) were warmest on record. February and December were the most anomalously warm months of the year, 3.29°C (5.92°F) and 3.32°C (5.98°F), respectively above the 1991–2020 averages. North America’s yearly temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.15°C (0.27°F) per decade since 1910, while the average rate of increase over the past 50 years (since 1975) is more than double the century-scale rate (0.33°C/0.59°F).

• The average annual temperature for the contiguous U.S. was 55.5°F (13.1°C), 3.5°F (1.9°C) above the 20th-century average, ranking as the warmest year in the 130-year record. This is the first time since 1998 and only the second time on record that both the global and U.S. annual temperatures were warmest on record during the same year. See the U.S. national annual report for in-depth information on the 2024 climate conditions across the U.S.
• Persistently warmer-than-average temperatures led to an historic mid-February low in ice coverage on the Great Lakes of North America.
• The highest temperature on record in Alaska north of 70°N (89°F / 31.7°C) occurred in Deadhorse, Alaska in August.
• In May, a prolonged heatwave in Mexico brought numerous all-time record-high temperatures to a country enduring widespread drought and led to dozens of fatalities and many wildlife deaths.
• The Caribbean region and the Main Development Region for hurricanes in the Atlantic had their warmest year on record.

South America

South America’s annual temperature was 1.78°C (3.20°F) above average — tying 2023 as the warmest year on record. This was South America’s 48th consecutive year with temperatures above average, and the continent’s nine warmest years have occurred since 2014. South America’s annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.15°C (0.27°F) per decade since 1910, and the average rate of increase is nearly double (0.26°C/0.47°F) that trend since 1975.

Two seasons were record warm (December–February, March–May) while June–August and September–November were third- and second-warmest on record, respectively. South America had monthly temperatures that were above-average to record warm every month during 2024. Six months (January–April, June, September) were record warm while two (October, November) were second warmest. In three of the record-warm months (March, April, June), the 2024 temperature exceeded the previous record by 0.44°C (0.79°F) to 0.46°C (0.83°F). The month of September had the highest temperature departure of the year at 2.55°C (4.59°F); while May had the smallest temperature departure at 0.91°C (1.64°F).

• The anomalous warmth combined with below-average precipitation led to large and destructive wildfires on parts of the continent.
  • Satellites registered more than 30,200 fire points in Venezuela from January to March, the highest level for that period since records started in 1999.
  • In June more than 2500 wildfires were reported in the Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical wetlands. This was the most ever so early in the year.

Europe

Europe had its warmest year on record in 2024, 2.45°C (4.41°F) above average. Spring (March–May) and Summer (June–August) were record warm while winter (December–February) was second warmest and autumn (September–November) was third-warmest on record. Three months were record warm (February, July, August) while March, April, May, June and September were second warmest. February had the highest monthly temperature departure, 4.12°C (7.42°F) above average. The smallest monthly temperature departure for the year was 1.49°C (2.68°F) in November.

This was the 28th consecutive year with temperatures above the 1910–2000 average for Europe, and the nine warmest years on record have occurred since 2014. The annual temperature for Europe has increased at an average rate of 0.16°C (0.29°F) per decade since 1910; however, it has nearly tripled to 0.45°C (0.81°F) since 1975.

• Austria had its warmest spring, warmest summer, and warmest year on record, dating to the 1700s.
• According to German Weather Service (DWD), Germany had its warmest year since national records began in 1881, 1.6°C (2.88°F) above the 1991–2020 average, an extraordinary 0.3°C (0.54°F) above the previous record set in 2023.
• In countries along the Mediterranean, July heat waves brought multi-day temperatures exceeding 38°C (100°F). This led to severe wildfire conditions in some areas and reports of hundreds of heat-related deaths.

Africa

Africa had an annual temperature of 1.65°C (2.97°F) above average, which is the warmest on record, eclipsing the previous record set last year. This was Africa’s 48th consecutive year with temperatures above average, and Africa’s 10 warmest years have occurred since 2010. Africa’s annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.13°C (0.23°F) per decade since 1910, and it has more than doubled to 0.28°C (0.50°F) since 1975.

Every month of 2024 was more than 1.0°C (1.8°F) above average. May had the highest departure, 2.20°C (3.96°F) while November had the smallest (1.12°C /2.02°F). Three months were record warm (March, May, June) and three (January, February, July) were second warmest. No month was cooler than ninth warmest on record (December).

• Much of Central Africa was record warm in March, and in South Sudan widespread daily high temperatures exceeding 38°C (100°F) persisted across the country, and a two-week nationwide school closure took place in response to the heat.
• In July a series of heatwaves in the Mediterranean region brought temperatures exceeding 41°C (106°F) to Morocco with numerous deaths attributed to the heat.

Asia

Asia had its second-warmest year on record, 2.17°C (3.91°F) above average. The year 2024 marked the 37th consecutive year with temperatures above the 1910–2000 average. Asia’s ten warmest years have occurred since 2007. Asia’s trend during the 1910–2024 period was 0.18°C (0.32°F) per decade; however, the 1975–2024 trend is more than twice the longer-term trend (0.40°C/0.72°F).

Every month of 2024 was more than 1.5°C (2.7°F) above the 1991–2020 average. November had the largest monthly anomaly, 3.43°C (6.17°F), above average. April, June, July, and November 2024 were the warmest such months on record. Summer (June–August) was record warm, 1.89°C (3.40°F) above average, while autumn (September–November) was second-warmest on record, 2.30°C (4.14°F) above average, and 0.25°C (0.45°F) cooler than 2023.

• India recorded its warmest year since national records began in 1901, 0.65°C (1.17°F) above the 1991–2020 average.
• In Japan, 2024 was its warmest year since 1898, 1.48°C (2.66°F) above average, surprassing the previous record of 2023 by 0.19°C (0.34°F).
• A persistent heatwave in India and Pakistan during the latter half of May, with daily temperatures exceeding 48°C (118°F) in many locations resulted in strained water supplies and many deaths.
• Heat indices in parts of the Persion Gulf region reached extreme levels in July as temperatures exceeding 40.5°C (105°F) and Gulf water temperatures above 32°C (90°F) led to feels-like temperatures of 60°C (140°F) or higher.

Oceania

Oceania had its warmest year on record, 1.42°C (2.56°F) above the 1991–2020 average. Eight of Oceania’s ten warmest years have occurred since 2013. The 1910–2024 trend for Oceania is 0.12°C (0.22°F) per decade and the trend during the 1975–2024 period is 0.19°C (0.34°F) per decade.

Oceania had only one month that was record warm (August), but the last two seasons of the year were both record warm. Winter (June–August) was 1.45°C (2.61°F) above average, 0.16°C (0.29°F) warmer than the previous record warm winter of 2023, while spring (September–November) was 1.76°C (3.17°F) above average, and 0.24°C (0.43°F) above 2020. The month with the largest temperature departure for the year was August (2.30°C/4.14°F), while April had the smallest temperature departure at 0.41°C (0.74°F) above average. It was the 41st warmest April on record.According to Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, Australia had its third-warmest summer (December–February), second-warmest winter (June–August) and its warmest spring (September–November) on record, while the year 2024 was its second warmest since national records began in 1910.

Antarctica

Antarctica’s annual temperature was 0.31°C (0.56°F) above average, the 17th-warmest year on record. Seasonal and month-to-month swings in temperatures were evident. Summer (December–February) was the 10th coolest on record while winter (June–August) was third warmest. Seven months were warmer than average while five were cooler than average. July was the fifth-warmest such month on record for the Antarctic, 1.16°C (2.09°F) above average, while August was second warmest, 1.81°C (3.26°F) above average. October was ninth warmest. No other month was within the top-ten warmest. Among the cooler-than-average months, January was the ninth-coolest such month on record, -0.52°C (-0.94°F) below average, while February was -0.23°C (-0.41°F), April -0.30°C (-0.54°F), November -0.18°C (-0.32°F), and December -0.01°C (-0.02°F) below average. The 1910–2024 trend for Antarctica was 0.04°C (0.07°F) per decade and the trend during the 1975–2024 period is half as large, 0.02°C (0.04°F) per decade.

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Precipitation

Precipitation data from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) shown in the maps below are augmented by data with greater spatial coverage from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). The GHCN and GPCP map of 2024 precipitation anomalies show areas that were unusually wet for the year contrasted in other areas by drier-than-normal conditions.

Below-average annual precipitation occurred in areas that included much of Canada extending into parts of the western U.S. and Mexico. The most expansive and severely drier-than-average conditions occurred across much of South America, most notably in large parts of Brazil and neighboring Bolivia and Peru where in many locations the driest to near-driest year on record occurred. Other drier-than-average areas included southern and southwestern Africa, where record to near-record dryness occurred across much of Zimbabwe and Zambia as well as parts of Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon. The combination of record and near-record temperatures along with the lack of precipitation led to severe drought in many areas. Parts of eastern Ukraine and neighboring Russia also were notably drier-than-average in 2024.

In contrast, anomalously high precipitation fell in areas that included a large part of the African Sahel, where record and near-record wet conditions were widespread. Central Asia including much of Kazahkstan and central Russia had widespread much-above-average to record-wet conditions, as well as eastern Mongolia and northeast China. Parts of these areas were hit by periods of heavy rain and flooding as noted in the continent summaries below. A number of other areas with above-average precipitation in 2024 had flooding and other impacts associated with tropical systems. These included the Deep South and southeastern U.S., which were severely affected by Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, Francine, Helene, and Milton. Other areas widely affected by tropical cyclones included Tanzania, Kenya, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, eastern China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and parts of northern Australia.

January-December 2024 Land-Only Precipitation Anomalies

January-December 2024 Land-Only Precipitation Percent of Normal

North America

• A series of atmospheric river events brought heavy rain and snow to parts of California in February, causing significant flooding, powerful winds, landslides, and power outages.
• Hurricane Beryl became the first Category 4 hurricane observed in the Atlantic Ocean during the month of June. It made landfall in Carriacou, Grenada causing extensive damage across the Windward Islands before moving further westward and strengthening into the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic.
• Hurricane Helene made landfall in Florida in late September and moved northward with extremely heavy rains that brought widespread destruction, particularly in parts of the southern Appalachians. It was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Maria in 2017 and the deadliest hurricane to affect the continental United States since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, with 219 fatalities and damages of $78.7B dollars.
• Hurricane Milton made landfall as a major hurricane on the west coast of Florida in October. It peaked as one of the strongest storms in Atlantic history. Despite weakening to a Category 3 hurricane prior to landfall, the storm caused catastrophic damage in Florida due to high winds, heavy rainfall, and significant storm surge.
• In October a powerful storm impacted the Southwest U.S., causing flash flooding with more than 300 people rescued from floodwaters and at least two deaths reported.
• See the U.S. National Annual Climate and U.S. Annual Drought reports for additional information on drought and notable precipitation extremes across the U.S. during 2024.

South America

• In Brazil heavy rains led to flooding and landslides in March with more than two dozen deaths reported. This was followed by torrential rains in southern Brazil in late April and early May which led to catastrophic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul with more than 160 deaths reported.
• Rivers in the Amazon basin fell to record-low levels in October as drought gripped vast areas of the continent. Months of diminished rains amplified fires, parched crops, disrupted transportation networks, and interrupted hydroelectric power generation in areas that included parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
• In La Paz, Bolivia, heavy rains after prolonged and severe drought caused landslides and flooding with extensive damage in November.

Europe

• Heavy rain from Storm Monica in March resulted in severe flooding in southeastern France with widespread occurance of monthly precipitation exceeding 400% of normal.
• An historic deluge of rain in southern Spain in late October caused catastrophic destruction and more than 200 deaths in the area of Valencia.
• Storm Bert brought more than 6 inches (152 mm) of rain in three days to parts of southern Wales and southwestern England in November. Severe flooding forced evacuations and inundated hundreds of properties with at least five deaths directly linked to the storm.

Africa

• Unusually heavy rain in Kenya and Tanzania in April displaced hundreds of thousands with reports of hundreds of deaths, and heavy rain in Ethiopia in July led to landslides that killed more than 200 people.
• Heavy rainfall in South Africa in June caused river overflows and reports of at least 12 fatalities.
• In central Africa torrential rains in July and August caused flooding that affected more than 2 million people with hundreds of deaths and large-scale displacement.
• In other areas, persistent record and near-record temperatures combined with lack of precipitation put approximately one-third of the continent in drought near the end of the year.

Asia

• In April extreme rain storms with as much as one to two years of rain falling in a 24-hour period brought major disruption and reports of more than 20 deaths to the United Arab Emirates and Oman, and also severely impacted neighgboring countries.
• Cyclone Remal made landfall near the Bangladesh-India border in late May causing severe flooding and landslides, with significant infrastructure and crop damage. There were reports of more than 50 deaths and many more injured.
• In Afghanistan heavy rains led to flash flooding with more than 300 deaths reported and thousands of homes destroyed in May.
• Heavy rain in northeast China produced flooding that led to more than a dozen deaths and extensive damage to infrastructure in August.
• Heavy rain associated with Tropical Storm Trami in October led to flooding and landslides in the Philippines that damaged infrastructure and led to mass evacuations and more than 125 deaths reported.
• Typhoon Yagi peaked as a Category 4 equivalent and was one of the strongest typhoons on record to strike Northern Vietnam and southern China. It resulted in widespread damage and hundreds of fatalities.

Oceania

• Tropical Cyclone Megan made landfall in Northern Territory, Australia in March causing significant damage to ports and major flooding.
• Nationally-averaged rainfall for Australia was 28% above the 1961–1990 average, making it the eighth-wettest year since national records began in 1900.

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Snow and Ice

Snow cover data are provided by the Rutgers University Global Snow Laboratory. The period of record is from 1967–2024 for a total of 58 years. The sea ice extent data are provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and are measured from passive microwave instruments onboard NOAA Satellites. The sea ice extent period of record is from 1979–2024 for a total of 46 years.

Snow Cover

Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent averaged 9.2 million square miles in 2024, which was slightly below average. Monthly extent ranged from 18.1 million square miles in January to just under 1.0 million square miles in August, both of which were slightly below average.

Sea Ice Extent

Arctic sea ice extent averaged 4.03 million square miles in 2024, the seventh lowest on record. The maximum extent in March was 5.74 million square miles, which ranked 15th lowest, while the monthly minimum extent in September was 1.69 million square miles, which ranked sixth lowest. The minimum for the year was reached in mid-September and was the seventh lowest on record.

Antarctic sea ice extent averaged 4.00 million square miles in 2024, the second lowest on record. The maximum extent in September was 6.59 million square miles, which ranked second lowest, and the minimum extent in February was 830,000 square miles, which also ranked second lowest. According to the NSIDC, Antarctic sea ice reached its minimum extent for the year, at 1.99 million square kilometers (768,000 square miles) on February 20, 2024. This tied with 2022 for second lowest on record, behind 2023. It was the third consecutive annual minimum below 2 million square kilometers (772,000 square miles).

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Ocean Heat Content

Ocean Heat Content (OHC) is essential for understanding and modeling global climate since > 90% of excess heat in the Earth’s system is absorbed by the ocean. Further, expansion due to increased ocean heat contributes to sea level rise. Change in OHC is calculated from the difference of observed temperature profiles from the long-term mean.

Basin	0-700 meters | Rank (1955-2024)
	Entire Basin		Northern Hemisphere		Southern Hemisphere
Atlantic	9.232	1st	5.355	1st	3.877	1st
Indian	5.072	1st	0.729	5th	4.343	1st
Pacific	7.166	3rd	4.091	1st	3.075	8th
World	21.469	1st	10.174	1st	11.295	2nd
Source: Basin time series of heat content

The annual global ocean heat content (OHC) for 2024 in the upper 700 meters and upper 2000 meters was record high, surpassing the previous records set in 2023. The five highest 2000 meter OHC have all occurred in the past five years while the five highest 700 meter OHC have all occurred since 2019. The regions of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean had their highest OHC in the upper 700 meters since the 1950s, while the Pacific had its third highest.

Additional information on OHC and access to all data is provided here. Also, information on the 2023 OHC is available in the paper titled Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans (Cheng et al., 2023).

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References

• Adler, R., G. Gu, M. Sapiano, J. Wang, G. Huffman 2017. Global Precipitation: Means, Variations and Trends During the Satellite Era (1979-2014). Surveys in Geophysics 38: 679-699, doi:10.1007/s10712-017-9416-4
• Adler, R., M. Sapiano, G. Huffman, J. Wang, G. Gu, D. Bolvin, L. Chiu, U. Schneider, A. Becker, E. Nelkin, P. Xie, R. Ferraro, D. Shin, 2018. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Analysis (New Version 2.3) and a Review of 2017 Global Precipitation. Atmosphere. 9(4), 138; doi:10.3390/atmos9040138
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• Menne, M. J., C. N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J. J Rennie, and J. H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, in press. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.
• Peterson, T.C. and R.S. Vose, 1997: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network Database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849.
• Vose, R., B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang, 2021. Implementing Full Spatial Coverage in NOAA’s Global Temperature Analysis. Geophysical Research Letters 48(10), e2020GL090873; doi:10.1029/2020gl090873.

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Citing This Report

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2024, published online January 2025, retrieved on January 14, 2025 from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202413.

Metadata

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00672